La sudoración compensatoria como efecto secundario en la cirugía de la hiperhidrosis palmar primaria / Compensatory Sweating as a Side Effect of Surgical Treatment of Primary Palmar Hyperhidrosis

Introducción: La sudoración compensatoria es un efecto secundario de la simpaticotomía videotoracoscópica, que tiene una alta incidencia y puede provocar insatisfacción en los pacientes operados. Objetivo: Determinar el comportamiento de la sudoración compensatoria en los pacientes en que se les realizó una simpaticotomía videotoracoscópica por hiperhidrosis palmar. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, transversal y descriptivo de 42 pacientes que tras la cirugía por hiperhidrosis palmar presentaron sudor compensatorio. Se analizó la incidencia, localización, severidad, afectación de la calidad de vida y nivel de satisfacción. Resultados: Predominó la sudoración compensatoria ligera, la localización en la espalda y el abdomen. Hubo un alto nivel de tolerancia, con solo un paciente insatisfecho y un 100 por ciento de mejoría de la calidad de vida. Conclusiones: La sudoración compensatoria no influyó negativamente en la calidad de vida de los pacientes(AU)

Introduction: Compensatory sweating is a side effect of videothoracoscopic sympathectomy. It presents high incidence and may cause dissatisfaction to operated patients. Objective: To determine the characteristics of compensatory sweating in patients who underwent videothoracoscopic sympathectomy for palmar hyperhidrosis. Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out with 42 patients who presented compensatory sweating after surgery for palmar hyperhidrosis. Incidence, location, severity, change in quality of life and level of satisfaction were analyzed. Results: Light compensatory sweating predominated, with location on back and abdomen. There was a high level of tolerance, with only one dissatisfied patient and 100 percent of improvement in quality of life. Conclusions: Compensatory sweating did not influence negatively the patients' quality of life(AU)

Cohort study on 20 years' experience of bilateral video-assisted thoracic sympathectomy (VATS) for treatment of hyperhidrosis in 2431 patients

Abstract BACKGROUND: Primary hyperhidrosis is a condition characterized by excessive sweating, inconsistent with the needs for thermoregulation. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness and the change in the quality of life of patients undergoing bilateral VATS (video-assisted thoracoscopic sympathectomy) for treatment of hyperhidrosis, in a large case series. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cohort study conducted in a tertiary hospital specializing in hyperhidrosis located in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: A total of 2,431 patients who underwent surgery consisting of bilateral video-assisted thoracoscopic sympathectomy between January 2000 and February 2017 were retrospectively assessed in an outpatient clinic specializing in hyperhidrosis. The patients underwent clinical and quality of life assessments on two occasions: firstly, prior to surgery, and subsequently, one month after the operation. The presence or absence of compensatory hyperhidrosis (CH) and general satisfaction after the first postoperative month were also evaluated. RESULTS: All the patients operated had poor or very poor quality of life before surgery. In the postoperative period, an improvement in the quality of life was observed in more than 90% of the patients. Only 10.7% of the patients did not present CH, and severe CH occurred in 22.1% of the patients in this sample. CONCLUSION: Bilateral VATS is a therapeutic method that decreases the degree of sweating more than 90% of patients with palmar and axillary hyperhidrosis. It improves the quality of life for more than 90% of the patients, at the expense of development of CH in approximately 90% of the patients, but not intensely.

Simpaticotomía bilateral video asistida por hiperhidrosis: análisis de 102 pacientes / Bilateral video-assisted thoracic sympathicotomy for hiperhidrosis: analysis of 102 patients

Resumen La hiperhidrosis es un trastorno caracterizado por la producción excesiva de sudor por las glándulas sudoríparas ecrinas que influye negativamente en las actividades sociales, laborales y fundamentalmente en la calidad de vida. Se divide en primaria o secundaria. La primaria es una enfermedad benigna caracterizada por una excesiva sudoración con mayor frecuencia en palmas, plantas, axilas y cara. Su incidencia es del 1% de la población y su causa es desconocida. La mayoría de los tratamientos médicos no logran un buen control sintomático y frecuentemente son transitorios. La simpaticotomía torácica bilateral videoasistida se ha vuelto el tratamiento de elección en pacientes muy sintomáticos. En el período de 1998 a 2018 se realizaron 174 simpaticotomias bilaterales videoasistidas por hiperhidrosis primaria, de las cuales 102 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Se excluyeron a 72 pacientes. El 20.5% fueron hombres y el 79.5% mujeres con una edad media de 29.22 años. En cuanto a la localización fue palmoplantar axilar en un 50.9%, axilar en un 23.5%, palmoplantar en un 10.7%, palmar en un 7.8%, palmoaxilar 6.8% y facial 5.8%. Los pacientes con sudoración palmar presentaron 94.9% de mejoría, axilar 84.51%, plantar 46.25% y facial 84% respectivamente. El post operatorio arrojó una media de internación de 1.1 días. Como efecto no deseado, se presentó sudoración compensatoria en 53 casos y complicaciones postoperatorias en 18 casos. Concluimos que es una técnica segura, que resuelve de manera significativa la sudoración, mejorando la calidad de vida.

Abstract Hyperhidrosis is a disorder consisting of excessive sweating through the different body sweat glands, which produces a negative impact socially and in work-related activities in those that suffer this condition. There are primary and secondary forms. The primary form is a benign condition with excessive sweating mainly in palms, soles of feet, axillae and face. It affects a 1% of the population, and its cause is unknown. Most medical treatments are unsuccessful, and at best, transitory. In patients who are very troubled by the condition, videoassisted bilateral thoracic sympathicotomy has become the elective treatment. In the period ranging from 1998 to 2018, 174 procedures were undertaken for primary hyperhidrosis, of which 102 satisfied the inclusion criteria. 72 patients were excluded. A 20.5% were males, and 79.5% were females, with an average age of 29.22 years at surgery. As to localization of sweating, a 50.9% was palmar-plantar-axillary, 23.5% axillary, 10.7% palmarplantar, 7.8% palmar, 6.8% palmar-axillary, and a 5.8% facial. Those patients with palmar sweating showed a 94.9% improvement, those with axillary sweating a 88.51%, with plantar a 46.25% and those with facial sweating a 84% improvement. The average admission time was 1.1 days. As an undesired effect, compensatory sweating occurred in 53 cases and postoperative complications in 18 cases. We conclude this is a safe technique, that diminishes sweating significantly, improving patient's quality of life.

Is there neural and functional recovery after clip removal in cervical experimental sympathectomy? / Existe recuperação neural e funcional após a retirada de clipe quando da indução de simpatectomia cervical experimental?

ABSTRACT Background: The surgical treatment of hyperhidrosis by thoracic sympathectomy has brought, in addition to symptomatic relief for many, its main adverse effect: compensatory or reflex sweating. The clipping technique in place of the sympathetic nerve section gave rise to the hope of reversibility, but the positive results showed to be quite divergent, evidencing the academic deficiency regarding the study of this phenomenon. Aim: To observe micro and macroscopic damage caused by the polymer clip on sympathetic nerve of rabbits seven days after their clipping and the findings after three weeks of clip removal. Method: In this experimental study, 20 rabbits were divided into two groups of 10, group 1 (clipping) and group 2 (de-clipping). The right cervical sympathetic nerve of all animals was clamped with polymeric clip, and in group 2 the nerve was unclipped seven days later. Group 1 rabbits were induced to death on the 7th postoperative day, and group 2 on the 21st after removal of the polymer clip. Macroscopic variables were: clip appearance, presence of discontinuity lesion, infection and adhesions around the nerve. H&E was used in the evaluation of the phases and degree of the inflammatory process and presence of necrosis, and picrosirius red F3BA for quantification of collagen. Results: The cervical sympathetic nerve was intact, without necrosis or infection in all animals of the experiment; there were adhesions in both groups, being minimal in eight animals of each group and moderate or intense in two; the clip was completely closed in all animals at the 7th postoperative day; the inflammatory process shown was chronic, with monomorphonuclear predominance. There was no significant difference between groups regarding the intensity the inflammatory process, but the amount of collagen type I and type III was significantly higher in group 2. Conclusions: The injury caused by the polymer clip on the sympathetic nerve may be reversible, allowing functional return in the areas involved in the simulated cervical sympathectomy. Clipping of the cervical sympathetic nerve using a polymer clip does not cause discontinuity injury.

RESUMO Racional: O tratamento cirúrgico da hiperidrose pela simpatectomia torácica trouxe além do alívio sintomático para muitos, também seu principal efeito adverso: o suor compensatório ou reflexo. A técnica de clipagem do nervo simpático no lugar de sua secção deu margem à esperança de reversão do procedimento; porém, os resultados mostram-se bastante divergentes e pouco conclusivos Objetivo: Observar a lesão provocada pelo clipe de polímero em nervo simpático de coelhos sete dias após sua clipagem, comparando-a com os achados após três semanas da retirada do clipe. Método: Estudo experimental, com amostra formada por 20 coelhos, divididos em dois grupos de 10, sendo o grupo 1 chamado clipagem e o 2, desclipagem. Todos foram submetidos à clipagem do nervo simpático cervical direito com clipe polimérico, e no grupo 2 realizou-se a desclipagem sete dias após. Os coelhos do grupo 1 foram submetidos à eutanásia no 7º dia de pós-operatório, e os do grupo 2 no 21º dia após a remoção do clipe. Observou-se na macroscopia o aspecto do clipe, a presença de lesão de descontinuidade, infecção e aderências ao redor do nervo. Para estudo microscópico utilizou-se a coloração H&E na avaliação das fases, grau do processo inflamatório e presença de necrose, e a de picrosirius red F3BA para quantificação de colágeno. Resultados: O nervo simpático cervical foi identificado íntegro, sem necrose ou infecção em todos os animais do experimento; havia aderências em ambos os grupos, sendo mínimas em oito de cada grupo e moderadas ou intensas em dois; em toda a amostra o clipe encontrava-se completamente fechado no 7º dia de pós-operatório; o processo inflamatório presente foi do tipo crônico, com predomínio monomorfonuclear, não se observando diferença significativa em relação ao grau do processo inflamatório entre os grupos; porém, a quantidade de colágeno tanto do tipo I quanto do tipo III foi significativamente maior no grupo 2. Conclusões: A lesão provocada pelo clipe de polímero em nervo simpático pode ser reversível possibilitando o retorno funcional nas áreas envolvidas na simpatectomia cervical simulada. A clipagem do nervo simpático cervical com uso de clipe de polímero não causa lesão de descontinuidade.

Perspectives of bilateral thoracic sympathectomy for treatment of heart failure

Surgical neuromodulation therapies are still considered a last resort when standard therapies have failed for patients with progressive heart failure (HF). Although a number of experimental studies have provided robust evidence of its effectiveness, the lack of strong clinical evidence discourages practitioners. Thoracic unilateral sympathectomy has been extensively studied and has failed to show significant clinical improvement in HF patients. Most recently, bilateral sympathectomy effect was associated with a high degree of success in HF models, opening the perspective to be investigated in randomized controlled clinical trials. In addition, a series of clinical trials showed that bilateral sympathectomy was associated with a decreased risk of sudden death, which is an important outcome in patients with HF. These aspects indicates that bilateral sympathectomy could be an important alternative in the treatment of HF wherein pharmacological treatment barely reaches the target dose.

Simpatectomia bilateral R5-R8 no tratamento de hiperidrose compensatória: análise de complicações e satisfação dos pacientes / Bilateral R5-R8 sympathectomy for compensatory hyperhidrosis: complications and patient satisfaction

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade de vida de pacientes submetidos a simpatectomia torácica bilateral de R5 a R8 como forma de tratamento da hiperidrose compensatória (HC) grave e debilitante em pacientes que foram previamente submetidos a simpatectomia torácica bilateral para tratamento da hiperidrose localizada. Métodos: Doze pacientes com hiperidrose compensatória grave e debilitante foram submetidos a simpatectomia estendida no Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brasil, entre setembro de 2016 e maio de 2019. Os seguintes desfechos foram estudados: nível de satisfação com a operação, escore de qualidade de vida e as possíveis complicações cirúrgicas. Resultados: Houve significativa melhora na qualidade de vida em 66% da amostra. Em todas as esferas de função, foi evidenciada relevância estatística no que se refere ao alívio dos sintomas relacionados à hiperidrose compensatória. Conclusões: A simpatectomia estendida de R5 a R8 mostrou-se efetiva na maioria dos casos operados, caracterizando este procedimento como promissor, podendo, após estudos futuros, ser incluído como uma opção terapêutica para a hiperidrose compensatória.

ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of life of patients who had undergone bilateral thoracic sympathectomy from R5 to R8 as a treatment for severe and debilitating compensatory hyperhidrosis (CH). Methods: Twelve patients with severe and debilitating compensatory hyperhidrosis underwent extended sympathectomy (R5-R8) from September 2016 to May 2019 at the Hospital das Clínicas, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil. Outcomes such as the level of patient satisfaction with the operation, quality of life scores as well as postoperative complications were assessed. Results: There has been a substantial improvement in the quality of life score of 66% of the sample. In all four domains, a statistical significant difference was seen, regarding the relief of compensatory hyperhidrosis symptoms. Conclusions: Extended sympathectomy from R5 to R8 was shown to be quite effective in most cases, leading us to believe that this approach could be a therapeutic option for severe compensatory hyperhidrosis.

Minilaparoscopic lumbar sympathectomy with 3 mm instruments for plantar hyperhidrosis / Simpatectomia lombar endoscópica com microinstrumental de 3 mm para hiperidrose plantar

Abstract Severe palmoplantar hyperhidrosis affects about 1.5-2.8% of the general population. Plantar hyperhidrosis (PHH) is related to foot odor, cold feet, skin lesions and infections, and even instability when walking. Endoscopic Lumbar Sympathectomy (ELS) is the treatment of choice for this condition. However, few surgeons have used this technique over the past 20 years because of its technical difficulty. Two and 3 mm instruments, rather than the standard 5 mm instruments, have been used to improve the results of several standard laparoscopic procedures. Use of these minilaparoscopic instruments to perform ELS so far has not yet been published. We describe a technique for ELS using minilaparocopic instruments, which we have used for our last 70 cases and has become our standard technique. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of this technique and its advantages compared to the conventional technique.

Resumo A hiperidrose palmoplantar grave afeta cerca de 1,5-2,8% da população geral. A hiperidrose plantar está relacionada a odor dos pés, pés frios, lesões cutâneas, infecções, e até instabilidade da marcha. A simpatectomia lombar endoscópica (endoscopic lumbar sympathectomy, ELS) é o tratamento de escolha para essa condição; entretanto, tem sido utilizada por poucos cirurgiões nos últimos 20 anos, devido à sua dificuldade técnica. Instrumentos de 2 e 3 mm em vez de 5 mm vêm sendo utilizados para melhorar os resultados de vários procedimentos laparoscópicos padrão. O uso desses instrumentos para realizar ELS ainda não foi descrito. Descrevemos a técnica para ELS usando microinstrumentos, a qual vem sendo usada para os nossos últimos 70 casos, pois passou a ser nosso procedimento padrão. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar a experiência com essa modificação técnica, assinalando as vantagens em relação à técnica tradicional.

Estandarización de una técnica en el tiempo y su impacto en los resultados para hiperhidrosis palmar primaria / Our technique standardization on time and how impact over outcomes for primary palmar hiperhidrosis

Resumen Introducción: La hiperhidrosis palmar primaria es un problema médico frecuente. Minimizar la invasión, simplificar y estandarizar la técnica supone mejores resultados. Objetivo: Evaluar eficacia y seguridad con la aplicación de nuestra técnica simplificada y estandarizada, a través de su impacto en los resultados trans y postoperatorio para la hiperhidrosis palmar primaria (HPP). Materiales y Método: Se realiza estudio observacional que evalúa los resultados obtenidos con la aplicación de nuestra técnica estandarizada para el tratamiento de HPP. El universo está constituido por 359 pacientes intervenidos entre 2007 y 2011. El control hasta los 5 años fue posible en 298, los que constituyeron la muestra definitiva. Resultados: Se analizaron 298 pacientes (596 procedimientos). En el transoperatorio solo 3 pacientes (1%) presentaron alguna complicación. El manejo del dolor torácico fue la mayor dificultad inmediata a la cirugía, con 61,7% de dolor moderado y 15,2% severo. Último control a 5 años con curación en el 99,7% y una recidiva. Los índices de satisfacción se muestran en rango excelente según encuestas validadas. Manejo ambulatorio en 99%. Discusión: Aplicar intubación endotraqueal simple permite extrapolar ventajas ya conocidas de esta técnica y menos complicaciones respiratorias, suspensiones, uso de recursos costosos o personal muy calificado. La combinación de simplificar aspectos quirúrgicos y anestésicos permitieron estandarizar y simplificar nuestra técnica y con ello: no necesitar drenajes pleurales, menos dolor, recuperación casi inmediata de la fisiología respiratoria y alta precoz. Conclusión: Combinar el empleo de tubo endotraqueal simple y oxigenación apneíca con minimizar la invasión quirúrgica: puerto único, sin drenaje pleural y manejo ambulatorio constituyen una práctica segura para la simpatectomía torácica endoscópica, con mejores resultados postoperatorios, una vez logrado en entrenamiento necesario.

Introduction: Primary palmar hyperhidrosis is a frequent medical problem. Minimizing invasion, simplifying and standardizing technique means better results. Aim: To evaluate efficacy and safety with the application of our simplified and standardized technique, through its impact on trans and post-operative outcomes for primary palmar hyperhidrosis (PPH). Minimizing approach, simplifying and standardizing the technique should lead to better outcomes. Materials and Method: An observational study is carried out to evaluate the outcomes obtained with the application of our standardized technique for the treatment of PPH. The universe constituted by 359 patients treated between 2007 and 2011. Control up to 5 years was possible in 298, which constituted the definitive sample. Results: 298 patients (596 procedures) were analyzed. In the transoperative only 3 patients (1%) report minor complication. Thoracic pain management was the greatest difficulty immediate to surgery, with 61.7% moderate pain and 15.2% severe. Satisfaction indexes in excellent range according to validated surveys. Outpatient management in 99%. Discussion: Simple intubation avoids respiratory complications, suspensions, use of expensive resources or highly qualified personnel. Early pain relief, non-uses of pleural tubes or antibiotics allows rapid recovery and early discharge due to simplification and standardization of the technique. Conclusion: The use of simple endotraqueal tube and oxygenation in apnea, single port, without pleural drainage or antibiotics and ambulatory is a safe practice for endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy, once achieved in necessary training.

Simpaticectomía torácica bilateral por videocirugía: diez años de experiencia / Bilateral video-assisted thorascopic sympathectomy: a 10 years' experience / Simpatectomia torácica bilateral videoassistida: 10 anos de experiência

Se define la hiperhidrosis como una excesiva sudoración en respuesta a estímulos térmicos o emocionales más allá de los requerimientos fisiológicos, con una incidencia de 2% a 4% en la población mundial. Si bien existen varios tipos de tratamientos, la opción quirúrgica brinda excelentes resultados con bajas tasas de recidiva. Pacientes y método: estudio retrospectivo de 190 simpaticectomías torácicas videoasistidas realizadas desde 2003 hasta 2013, totalizando 95 pacientes. Se realizó una encuesta mediante un cuestionario sobre calidad de vida y sobre la severidad de los síntomas. Resultados: se logró recabar el cuestionario en 58 pacientes (30% hombres y 70% mujeres) con una media de edad de 25 años. El 90% se dio de alta entre las 24 y 48 horas del posoperatorio. Del total de pacientes, 72% presentaba hiperhidrosis severa. Del procedimiento podemos decir que dos pacientes presentaron recurrencia y un paciente refirió disconformidad por hipersequedad de la piel. El 80% presentó algún tipo de hiperhidrosis compensadora, no siendo este un síntoma de preocupación mayor por parte de los pacientes. No hubo complicaciones de procedimiento. Respecto a la calidad de vida, era mala o regular en el 90% de los pacientes, mejorando en el posoperatorio, siendo buena o muy buena en el 95%. El 94% de los pacientes están conformes o muy conformes con el procedimiento y sus resultados. Como conclusión, podemos establecer que la simpaticectomía torácica bilateral para el tratamiento de la hiperhidrosis es un método altamente seguro y efectivo. (AU)

Hyperhidrosis is defined as excessive sweating as a response of thermal or emotional stimuli beyond physiological requirements, and it incidence is 2 to 4% of the global population. In spite of there being several kinds of treatment, surgery provides excellent results with low relapse rates. Method: retrospective study of 190 video-assisted thoracic sympathectomies performed from 2003 until 2013, accounting for 95 patients. A survey was conducted through a quality-of-life questionnaire and questions on the severity of symptoms. Results: 58 patients completed the survey (30% men and 70% women) with an average age of 25 years old. 90% were discharged from hospital between 24 and 48 hours after surgery. 72% of patients presented severe hyperhidrosis. Based on the procedure, we may state 2 patients presented recurrence and only one patient declared to be uncomfortable with the hyper-dryness of skin. 80% of patients presented some kind of compensating hyperdidrosis, being the no reason for concern among patients. There were no complications arising from the procedure. As to the quality of life it used to be bad or fair in 90% of patients, and improved in the postoperative period, being it good or very good in 95% of them. 94% of patients are satisfied or very satisfied with the procedure and its results. As a conclusion, we may sat that bilateral thoracic sympathectomy is a highly safe and effective method to treat hyperhidrosis.

A hiperidrose está definida como uma sudoração excessiva como resposta a estímulos térmicos ou emocionais superior aos requerimentos fisiológicos; tem uma incidência de 2 a 4% na população mundial. Embora vários tipos de tratamentos estejam disponíveis, a cirurgia tem resultados excelentes com baixas taxas de recidiva. Pacientes e métodos: estudo retrospectivo de 190 simpatectomias torácicas videoassistidas realizadas no período 2003-2013 em um total de 95 pacientes. Realizou-se um questionário sobre qualidade de vida e gravidade dos sintomas. Resultados: 58 pacientes com idade média de 25 anos responderam o questionário (30% homens e 70% mulheres). 90% teve alta entre 24 e 48hs pós cirurgia. 72% dos pacientes apresentava hiperidrose severa. Com relação ao procedimento 2 pacientes apresentaram recorrência e 1 paciente declarou não estar satisfeita devido ao ressecamento excessivo da pele. 80% apresentou algum tipo de hiperidrose compensadora, não sendo este um sintoma de maior preocupação dos pacientes. Não foram registradas complicações relacionadas ao procedimento. Em 90% dos pacientes a qualidade de vida era ruim ou regular melhorando no pós-operatório, a boa ou muito boa em 95% dos casos. 94% dos pacientes relatou estar satisfeito ou muito satisfeito com o procedimento e seus resultados. Como conclusão podemos dizer que a simpatectomia torácica bilateral para o tratamento da hiperidrose é um método muito seguro e efetivo.

Simpatectomia torácica por videotoracoscopia: revisão da literatura / Video-assisted thoracic sympathectomy: literature review

RESUMO A simpatectomia toracoscópica mostrou-se eficaz no alívio da hiperidrose em diversos pacientes, com melhora da qualidade de vida. O conhecimento do quadro clínico de cada paciente, assim como, as possíveis complicações pós-operatórias, são fundamentais para a obtenção de bons resultados. Deste modo, foi realizada uma revisão na base de dados PubMed de artigos publicados entre 2005 e 2019 que apresentavam como temática principal a simpatectomia realizada por videotoracoscopia para o tratamento da hiperidrose, com o objetivo de avaliar o atual estado da arte referente à qualidade de vida pós-operatória, o tempo de cirurgia e as suas complicações. A partir desta análise, verificou-se a importância do nível de secção da cadeia ganglionar simpática em relação aos resultados. As complicações, apesar de ocorrerem, não reduziram o nível de satisfação e qualidade de vida pós-operatória dos pacientes.

ABSTRACT. Thoracic sympathectomy has been effective in relieving hyperhidrosis in several patients, with quality of life improvement. The knowledge of the clinical picture of each patient, as well as the possible postoperative complications, are fundamental to obtain good results. Thus, we performed a review of articles from the PubMed database published between 2005 and 2019 that presented, as the main topic, thoracoscopy sympathectomy for the treatment of hyperhidrosis, with the objective of evaluating the current state of art referring to postoperative quality of life, surgical time and its complications. From this analysis, we verified the importance of the level of sympathetic ganglion chain section in relation to results. The complication, although occurring, did not reduced the postoperative level of satisfaction or patients' quality of life.

Longitudinal follow-up of cardiac vagal activity in individuals undergoing endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy / Acompanhamento longitudinal da atividade vagal cardíaca de indivíduos submetidos à simpatectomia torácica endoscópica

ABSTRACT Objective: To conduct a longitudinal investigation of cardiac vagal activity (CVA) by measuring resting HR and calculating the cardiac vagal index (CVI) in individuals undergoing sympathectomy for the treatment of primary hyperhidrosis. Methods: This was a descriptive longitudinal study involving 22 patients, 13 of whom were female. The mean age was 22.5 ± 8.8 years. The palms, soles, and axillae were the most commonly affected sites. Resting HR was measured by an electrocardiogram performed 20 min before the 4-second exercise test (4sET), which was used in order to evaluate CVA at three different time points: before surgery, one month after surgery, and four years after surgery. Results: Resting HR (expressed as mean ± SE) was found to have decreased significantly at 1 month after surgery (73.1 ± 1.6 bpm before surgery vs. 69.7 ± 1.2 bpm at one month after surgery; p = 0.01). However, the HR values obtained at four years after surgery tended to be similar to those obtained before surgery (p = 0.31). The CVI (expressed as mean ± SE) was found to have increased significantly at one month after surgery (1.44 ± 0.04 before surgery vs. 1.53 ± 0.03 at one month after surgery; p = 0.02). However, the CVI obtained at four years after surgery tended to be similar to that obtained before surgery (p = 0.10). Conclusions: At one month after sympathectomy for primary hyperhidrosis, patients present with changes in resting HR and CVA, both of which tend to return to baseline at four years after surgery.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar longitudinalmente o comportamento da atividade vagal cardíaca (AVC) por meio da FC de repouso e do índice vagal cardíaco (IVC) de indivíduos submetidos à simpatectomia para o tratamento de hiperidrose primária. Métodos: Estudo de natureza descritiva e longitudinal que avaliou 22 pacientes (13 mulheres), com média de idade de 22,5 ± 8,8 anos. Os locais mais afetados eram as mãos, pés e axilas. A FC de repouso média foi mensurada através de eletrocardiograma 20 min antes do teste de exercício de 4 segundos (T4s), que foi utilizado para a avaliação da AVC em três momentos: antes da cirurgia, um mês após a cirurgia e quatro anos após a cirurgia. Resultados: A média ± erro-padrão da FC de repouso apresentou uma redução significativa entre a avaliação pré-operatória e um mês após a cirurgia (73,1 ± 1,6 bpm vs. 69,7 ± 1,2 bpm; p = 0,01), tendendo a retornar aos valores pré-operatórios quatro anos após a cirurgia (p = 0,31). Houve um aumento significativo do IVC entre o pré-operatório e um mês após a cirurgia (1,44 ± 0,04 vs. 1,53 ± 0,03; p = 0,02), tendendo também a retornar próximo aos valores do pré-operatório após quatro anos da cirurgia (p = 0,10). Conclusões: A simpatectomia resultou em alteração na FC de repouso e na AVC um mês após a cirurgia, retornando, após quatro anos, aos valores próximos do pré-operatório.

Simpatectomía torácica, solución para hiperhidrosis / Toracic Sympathectomy, solution for hyperhidrosis

PREFACE: Videothoracoscopic sympathectomy (VTS) is the gold standard treatment for the upper extremity hyperhidrosis (HH) because it is safe and has good results. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate retrospectively the long term results of VTS for the treatment of HH on 50 operated patients in the Maule Region from the year 2003 to september of 2015. METHODS: For axillary HH a T2 to T4 VTS was performed, and T3 VTS for palmar HH. All the patients were operated bilaterally through 2 axillary ports. The operatory sucess was evaluated through the persistence or not of sweating of the palm and armpit. Also, all the complications associated were registered. RESULTS: The procedure was successful in 96% of the patients, who reached anhidrosis in the palms and armpits. The most common complication was compensatory sweating, minimal to mild in 28% of the patients aproximately, severe only in one case; intense post operatory pain in 3 cases and sympathyc reinervation in 2 cases. There was no Infection, Horner syndrome, inthercostal arthery injury or mortality reported. CONCLUSION: The billateral VTS is an effective and safe procedure to obtain anhidrosis in patients with upper extremity hyperhidrosys.

Alternative Surgical Methods in Patients with Recurrent Palmar Hyperhidrosis and Compensatory Hyperhidrosis

Recurrent hyperhidrosis after thoracic sympathectomy is an uncomfortable condition, and compensatory hyperhidrosis (CH) is one of the most troublesome side effects. Here, we describe two patients with recurrent palmar hyperhidrosis (PH) and CH over the whole body simultaneously. They were treated with bilateral T4 sympathetic clipping and reconstruction of the sympathetic nerve from a T5 to T8 sympathetic nerve graft, which was transferred to the resected T3 sympathetic bed site. They reported improvements in sweating and were fully satisfied with the results. Our method can be considered as an alternative approach for patients with recurrent PH and CH.

Avaliação da qualidade de vida de pacientes portadores de hiperidrose primária submetidos à simpatectomia videotoracoscópica / Evaluation of the quality of life of patients with primary hyperhidrosis submitted to videothoracoscopic sympathectomy

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a qualidade de vida de pacientes submetidos à simpatectomia por videotoracoscopia para tratamento de hiperidrose primária. Métodos: foram avaliados os pacientes submetidos à simpatectomia por videotoracoscopia para tratamento de hiperidrose primária pela equipe de cirurgia torácica do Hospital Universitário Gafrée e Guinle-UNIRIO entre julho de 2004 e agosto de 2013. Foi aplicado um questionário sobre qualidade de vida relacionada à hiperidrose desde o pré-operatório até um ano após a operação. Resultados: o questionário foi aplicado em 122 pacientes com média de idade de 25 anos, sendo 57% mulheres. Quanto à severidade da hiperidrose primária, 83% dos pacientes referiam como pouco tolerável ou intolerável, associada com grande limitação da qualidade de vida, sendo esta pobre ou muito pobre em 82% dos casos. No pós operatório a hiperidrose compensatória ocorreu em 78% dos pacientes, entretanto foi considerada como imperceptível ou pouco perceptível por 85% destes pacientes, classificando-a como aceitável. Em 15% dos pacientes a hiperidrose compensatória foi classificada como perturbadora. Conclusão: a simpatectomia videotoracoscópica melhora a qualidade de vida dos pacientes com hiperidrose primária. A hiperidrose compensatória transitória ocorreu na maioria dos pacientes, mas não alterou de maneira significativa a melhora da qualidade de vida.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the quality of life of patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopy for primary hyperhidrosis. Methods: we evaluated the patients who underwent thoracoscopic sympathectomy to treat primary hyperhidrosis by the team of thoracic surgery at the University Hospital Gaffrée and Guinle - UNIRIO between July 2004 and August 2013. It was applied a questionnaire about quality of life related to hyperhidrosis since preoperative period until one year after the surgery. Results: one hundred twenty two patients answered the questionnaire, with a mean age of 25 years, 57% of whom were women. In relation to severity of primary hyperhidrosis, 83% of the patients reported as tolerable or somewhat tolerable associated with major limitation of quality of life, which it was poor or very poor in 82% of cases. Postoperative compensatory hyperhidrosis occurred in 78% of patients, but it was regarded as invisible or barely noticeable for 85% of these patients, classifying it as acceptable. In 15% of patients, the compensatory sweating was classified as disruptive. Conclusion: thoracoscopic sympathectomy improves the quality of life of patients with primary hyperhidrosis. The transitional compensatory hyperhidrosis occurred in most patients, but did not improve significantly the quality of life.

La simpaticotomía videtoracoscópica en el tratamiento de la hipehidrosis palmar / Videothoracoscopic simpathicotomy on the treatment of palmar hyperidrosis

Introducción: la simpaticotomía videotoracoscópica es actualmente la técnica quirúrgica de elección en el tratamiento de la hiperhidrosis esencial o primaria. Sus ventajas relacionadas con su sencillez, menor posibilidades de complicaciones transoperatorias, un tiempo quirúrgico notablemente más corto y consecuentemente menor exposición a los agentes anestésicos, mejor relación riesgo/beneficio, mejor recuperación y la disminución de los efectos secundarios como el sudor compensatorio y el alto nivel de satisfacción de los pacientes, justifican su realización. Objetivo: analizar los resultados de la generalización de la simpaticotomía T3-T4 en el tratamiento de la hiperhidrosis palmar. Método: estudio de corte transversal, observacional y descriptivo de los pacientes intervenidos por videotoracoscopia, en el Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso con el diagnóstico de hiperhidrosis primaria palmar; a los cuales se les realizó simpaticotomía videotoracoscópica desde enero de 2011 hasta diciembre del 2015. En la evaluación de los pacientes se tienen en cuenta las variables aceptadas internacionalmente: curación, efectos secundarios, complicaciones y la mejoría psíquica dada por el nivel de satisfacción de los pacientes. Resultados: se logró un 97,69 por ciento de curación de la enfermedad. La sudoración compensatoria se presentó en 48,1 por ciento de los pacientes y el nivel de satisfacción fue de 97 por ciento, logrando una mejoría evidente del estado psicológico de los mismos. Conclusiones: la simpaticotomía videotoracoscópica T3-T4 es efectiva en el tratamiento de los pacientes afectos de hiperhidrosis palmar(AU)

Introduction: Videothoracoscopic sympathicotomy is currently the surgical technique of choice in the treatment of primary or essential hyperhidrosis. Its advantages related to its simplicity, fewer possibilities of transoperative complications, remarkably shorter surgical time and consequently less exposure to anesthetic agents, better risk / benefit ratio, better recovery, limited side effects such as compensatory sweat and high level of patient satisfaction support the performance of this procedure. Objective: To analyze the results of the generalization of the T3-T4 sympathicotomy in the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis. Method: A cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study of patients with diagnosis of palmar primary hyperhidrosis, who underwent videothoracoscopic sympathicotomy at the National Center for Minimal Access Surgery from January 2011 to December 2015. The patient assessment took into account internationally accepted variables such as healing, side effects, complications and psychic improvement according to the level of satisfaction of the patients. Results: Recovery from disease reached 97.69 percent, compensatory sweating occurred in 48.1 percent of patients and the level of satisfaction was 97 percent, thus achieving clear improvement of the psychological state of patients.. Conclusions: Videothoracoscopic sympathicotomy T3-T4 is effective in the treatment of patients with palmar hyperhidrosis(AU)

Comparison between high and low levels thoracic sympathectomy for the treatment of palmar and axillary primary hyperhidrosis: systematic review and meta-analysis / Comparação da simpatectomia torácica realizada em níveis altos e baixos para o tratamento da hiperidrose primária palmar e axilar: revisão sistemática e metanálise

ABSTRACT Primary hyperhidrosis (PH) is a condition that has a great impact on affected individuals' quality of life, regardless of its location. Its surgical treatment is done through thoracic sympathectomy performed by videothoracoscopy. Standardization of the technique includes section of the sympathetic trunk at different levels, according to the site of symptoms. The aim of this review is to evaluate the efficacy of thoracic sympathectomy through a systematic literature review comparing sympathectomy at different levels of the sympathetic chain.

RESUMO A hiperidrose primária (HP) é uma condição que, independentemente de sua localização, apresenta grande impacto na qualidade de vida dos indivíduos acometidos. Seu tratamento cirúrgico é feito através da simpatectomia torácica realizada por videotoracoscopia. A padronização da técnica inclui a secção do tronco simpático em diferentes níveis, de acordo com o local dos sintomas. O objetivo desta revisão é avaliar a eficácia da simpatectomia torácica por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, comparando a simpatectomia em diferentes níveis da cadeia simpática.

Relationship between anxiety, depression and quality of life with the intensity of reflex sweating after thoracoscopic sympathectomy for treatment of primary hyperhidrosis / Relação entre ansiedade, depressão e qualidade de vida com a intensidade da sudorese reflexa após simpatectomia torácica por videocirurgia para tratamento da hiperidrose primária

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the intensity of reflex sweating with the degree of anxiety and its interference in the quality of life of patients undergoing Thoracoscopic (VATS) sympathectomy in the pre- and postoperative period. Methods: we evaluated 54 patients with a mean age of 26 years (16-49 years) undergoing sympathectomy in the R3-R4 level. We applied two questionnaires at three different times: "Quality of life in patients with primary hyperhidrosis" and "Scale for anxiety and depression". Results: of the patients studied, 93% showed significant improvement in quality of life 30 days after surgery, the effects remaining after six months. There were no postoperative complications. The patient's level of anxiety is highly correlated with the intensity of reflex sweating after 30 and 180 days. Conclusion: Thoracoscopic sympathectomy improves quality of life of patients with primary hyperhidrosis, even with the emergence of reflex sweating. Anxiety directly relates to the intensity of reflex sweating, without compromising the degree of patient satisfaction.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a intensidade de sudorese reflexa com o grau de ansiedade e sua interferência na qualidade de vida de indivíduos submetidos à simpatectomia por videotoracoscopia nos períodos pré e pós-operatório. Métodos: foram avaliados 54 pacientes com média de idade de 26 anos (16 a 49 anos), submetidos à simpatectomia em nível R3-R4. Dois questionários foram aplicados em três momentos diferentes: "Qualidade de vida em pacientes com hiperidrose primária e "Escala para ansiedade e depressão". Resultados: dos pacientes estudados, 93% mostrou melhora significativa na qualidade de vida após 30 dias da cirurgia, com os efeitos remanescentes após seis meses. Não houve complicações pós-operatórias. A análise mostrou que o nível de ansiedade do paciente é altamente correlacionado com a intensidade da sudorese reflexa após 30 e 180 dias. Conclusão: a simpatectomia torácica por videotoracoscopia melhora a qualidade de vida de pacientes com hiperidrose primária, mesmo com o surgimento de sudorese reflexa. A ansiedade está diretamente relacionada com a intensidade da sudorese reflexa, sem comprometer o grau de satisfação do paciente.

Surgical treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis by suction-curettage of sweat glands

Suction curettage is a dermatologic surgery technique for the treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis, which is becoming more popular. Objective: The purpose of this study is to describe the current technique of removal of axillary sweat glands, and evaluate its efficacy and safety. Conclusion: Suction-curettage of sweat glands is a minimally invasive surgical technique that is easy to perform, safe, has high rates of success and relatively few side-effects. It is generally well tolerated by patients and requires shorter time away from daily activities, when compared with other surgical modalities.

Evaluation of quality of life before and after videothoracoscopic simpathectomy for primary hyperhidrosis / Avaliação da qualidade de vida antes e após simpatectomia por vídeotoracoscopia para tratamento de hiperidrose primária

Objective: To assess quality of life before and after thoracoscopic sympathectomy for treatment of primary hyperhidrosis. Methods: we conducted an observational, analytical, cross-sectional and quantitative study. We evaluated patients undergoing thoracoscopic sympathectomy for primary axillary hyperhidrosis, primary palmar hyperhidrosis, and axillary hyperhidrosis associated with palmar one. We applied a questionnaire on quality of life related to hyperhidrosis before and after the operation. Results: The questionnaire was administered to 51 patients with a mean age of 32.4 years, 45 women and six men. The average quality of life related to hyperhidrosis in a score of 0-100 before sympathectomy was 34.6 and after the operation it was 77.1. Compensatory hyperhidrosis occurred in 84.3% of patients. Conclusion: thoracoscopic sympathectomy improves the quality of life of patients with primary hyperhidrosis, with results supported over time. Compensatory hyperhidrosis occurred in most patients, but did not significantly influence the improved quality of life. .

Objetivo: avaliar a qualidade de vida antes e após a realização de simpatectomia por videotoracoscopia para tratamento de hiperidrose primária. Métodos: estudo observacional, analítico, transversal e quantitativo. Foram avaliados os pacientes submetidos à simpatectomia por vídeotoracoscopia para tratamento de hiperidrose primária axilar, palmar e a hiperidrose axilar associada à palmar. Foi aplicado um questionário sobre qualidade de vida relacionada à hiperidrose, antes e após a operação. Resultados: O questionário foi aplicado em 51 pacientes com média de idade de 32,4 anos, sendo 45 mulheres e seis homens. A qualidade de vida média relacionada à hiperidrose, em um escore de 0 a 100, antes da simpatectomia foi 34,6 e depois da operação foi 77,1. A hiperidrose compensatória ocorreu em 84,3% dos pacientes. Conclusão: a simpatectomia vídeotorácica melhora a qualidade de vida dos pacientes com hiperidrose primária, sustentando-se ao longo do tempo. A hiperidrose compensatória ocorreu na maioria dos pacientes, todavia não influenciou de maneira significativa a melhora da qualidade de vida. .

Sudor compensador, un efecto no deseado secundario al tratamiento quirúrgico de la hiperhidrosis primaria infantil / Compensatory sweating, an unwanted effect secondary to the surgical treatment of primary infant hyperhidrosis

INTRODUCCIÓN: la hiperhidrosis idiopática infantil se caracteriza por sudoración desproporcionada en manos, axilas y pies fundamentalmente, y ocasiona problemas sociales a los que la padecen. El sudor compensador es un efecto no deseado que puede aparecer después de la cirugía torácica en los pacientes. OBJETIVO: evaluar la presencia del sudor compensador en niños operados de hiperhidrosis palmar y axilar idiopática. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio de una serie de casos compuesta por 61 niños operados y seguidos de forma consecutiva por hiperhidrosis idiopática, con edades comprendidas de 11 a 18 años, en el Hospital Universitario Pediátrico Centro Habana, desde enero de 2011 a octubre de 2013. Las variables analizadas fueron: edad, sexo, localización de la hiperhidrosis, presencia de sudor compensador y sus localizaciones más frecuentes, así como evolución a corto y mediano plazo. RESULTADOS: fueron 42 niñas (68,9 %) y 19 varones (31,1 %), todos intervenidos mediante la técnica simpaticolisis videotoracoscópica bilateral sincrónica, por un solo puerto. Presentaron sudor compensador 17 pacientes (27,9 %), de ellos, 14 pacientes de forma ligera y 3 moderada. No hubo significación en relación con la localización de la hiperhidrosis y el desarrollar sudor compensador. En la espalda fue donde con mayor frecuencia se presentó el sudor compensador, en 6 casos (9,8 %). Hubo mejoría en el tiempo o desapareció en el 70,4 % de los pacientes. CONCLUSIONES: los pacientes que presentaron sudor compensador evalúan su situación de satisfactoria, pues resolvieron la parte molesta de las manos, y consideraron oportuno el tratamiento quirúrgico al que fueron sometidos.

INTRODUCTION: infantile idiopathic hyperhidrosis is characterized by disproportionate sweating in hands, axillae and feet fundamentally, and brings social problems to those suffering it. Compensatory sweating is unwanted effect that may occur after thoracic surgery. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the presence of compensatory sweating in children operated on from idiopathic hyperhidrosis in hands and axillae. METHODS: a study of a case series of sixty one 11-18 years-old children operated on from idiopathic hyperhidrosis and subsequently followed-up in university pediatric hospital of Centro Habana from January 2011 to October 2013. The variables were age, sex, location of hyperhidrosis, presence of compensatory sweating and its most common locations as well as its short-and medium-term evolution. RESULTS: forty two girls (68.9 %) and 19 boys (31.1 %) were all operated through synchronic bilateral thoracoscopic sympathicholysis technique using one access port. Seventeen patients (27.9 %) presented with compensatory sweating, 14 in its slight form and 3 in its moderate form. There was no significant difference as to the location of hyperhidrosis and occurrence of compensatory sweating. The most common location was the back in 6 cases (9.8 %). This effect improved as time went by or disappeared in 70.4 % of patients. CONCLUSIONS: the patients who had compensatory sweating regarded their present situation as satisfactory because they overcame discomfort in their hands, and they also considered that the surgical treatment was timely.